SECTORS / GICS-2020
Consulting · Strategy, Management & Professional Services
← all sectorsConsulting firms are people businesses. Their carbon footprint is driven by business travel, office operations, and purchased goods — not manufacturing or logistics. The right denominators are FTE and operating expenditure, not revenue.
Companies tracked
41
Phase 1 cohort
With SBTi target
36/ 41
88% coverage
Median operational intensity
29.59tCO2e / $m OpEx
from 17 firms · USD-normalised
Reporting years
2020–2026
latest disclosed per firm
SBTi coverage
of 41 firms
Where this sector sits globally
Median operational intensity (Carbon / USDm OpEx) per sector · log scale · click any dot to switch
8 sectors · this sector 29.6
10
100
1.0k
10k
↑ Consulting (n=17) · 29.59
← cleanest: Consulting (29.6)dirtiest: Real Estate Services (2.4k) →
Key carbon drivers
- Scope 3 · cat 1Purchased goods & servicesIT, subcontractors, professional services. Often the largest single bucket for the Big Four.
- Scope 3 · cat 6Business travelFlights, hotels, ground transport — typically 20-40% of disclosed Scope 3.
- Scope 3 · cat 2Capital goodsLaptops, servers, office build-outs and refurbishment.
- Scope 3 · cat 7Employee commutingVariable post-pandemic; hybrid models cut this materially.
- Scope 1 + 2Office energyGas heating, grid electricity, district energy. Small absolute share for office-based firms.
Scope references follow the GHG Protocol Corporate Standard + Scope 3 Standard.
Reference transition plan
SBTi 1.5°C corporate target + Race to Zero
No sector-specific SBTi pathway for consulting. Most major firms align via SBTi general 1.5°C corporate targets, plus the UN Race to Zero / Climate Pledge commitments.
Sector-specific guidance for professional services is being scoped by SBTi but not yet published.
Methodology
MethodologyWhy OpEx, not revenue, for consulting
Two consulting firms with identical operations but different margins (say 20% vs 40%) will look ~25% apart on a per-revenue basis purely because of the margin gap. OpEx removes that distortion; FTE captures the per-person delivery model.
Sector benchmarks · headline intensities
Per-company latest year · USD-normalised at 12-month average rates · snapshot 2026-05-05
41 firms in cohort
Each strip shows where every firm in the cohort sits on one intensity axis. Lower is better — left of the strip is best, right is worst. Each peer dot tooltips its value and the year it came from. Financial denominators are converted to USD before computing so cross-currency comparisons are apples-to-apples.
Revenue intensity
Carbon / USDm revenue
n=18 · median 21.19 · IQR 14.11–33.21 · years 2022–2025
0.00
38
76
113
151
189
227
265
Consumption-based · 66–241
Production-based · 41–103
median 21.19
Operational intensity
Carbon / USDm OpEx
n=17 · median 29.59 · IQR 19.46–39.23 · years 2022–2025
0.00
30
60
90
121
151
181
211
median 29.59
Economic intensity
Carbon / USDm EVIC
n=9 · median 4.49 · IQR 3.95–6.27 · years 2022–2025
0.00
2.5
5.1
7.6
10
13
15
18
median 4.49
Asset intensity
Carbon / USDm PP&E + leased
n=16 · median 194.42 · IQR 102.09–294.30 · years 2022–2025
0.00
2.3k
4.5k
6.8k
9.1k
11k
14k
16k
median 194.42
Workforce intensity
Carbon / FTE
n=22 · median 0.20 · IQR 0.12–0.31 · years 2022–2025
0.00
0.15
0.29
0.44
0.59
0.73
0.88
1.0
median 0.20
Companies · 41 firms
+ Add company| RVB ID | Company | Ticker | Subtype | HQ | Revenue | Operational | Economic | Asset | Workforce | Sources | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RVBA-ACN | ACN | 10.21 | 11.97 | 3.95 | 100.71 | 0.03 | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-AMA | — | — | — | — | — | — | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-AON | AON | 33.43 | 46.62 | 6.27 | 222.11 | 0.93 | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-ARCAD | ARCAD | 59.03 | 124.55 | — | — | 0.30 | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-BAIN | — | — | — | — | — | 0.11 | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-BTI | — | — | — | — | — | — | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-BDO | — | — | — | — | — | — | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-BAH | BAH | 35.50 | 39.23 | 16.18 | 1045.63 | 0.31 | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-BCG | — | 34.55 | — | — | — | 0.09 | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-CAPC | — | — | — | — | — | 0.32 | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-CAP | CAP | — | — | — | — | — | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-CTSH | CTSH | 24.89 | 29.16 | 11.90 | 227.72 | 0.20 | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-CROW | — | — | — | — | — | — | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-DELO | — | — | — | — | — | — | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-EYX | — | 21.82 | 39.15 | — | 121.25 | 0.32 | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-FCN | FCN | — | — | — | — | 0.50 | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-GTH | — | 32.54 | 41.76 | — | 316.66 | 0.14 | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-HURN | HURN | 7.53 | 8.29 | 4.49 | 131.21 | 0.24 | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-INFY | INFY | 14.98 | 19.46 | 2.28 | 100.57 | 0.19 | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-JACO | J | 7.74 | 8.23 | 4.38 | 94.20 | 0.38 | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-KEAR | — | — | — | — | — | — | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-KPMG | — | 8.28 | 35.53 | — | 31.27 | 0.07 | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-LEK | — | 20.45 | 29.59 | — | 1325.30 | 0.13 | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-MMC | MMC | 28.57 | 37.48 | 5.50 | 179.24 | 0.31 | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-MAZA | — | — | — | — | — | — | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-MCKI | — | — | — | — | — | 0.19 | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-MERC | — | — | — | — | — | — | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-MMA | — | 186.36 | 191.81 | — | 14399.87 | 0.06 | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-NAVI | — | — | — | — | — | — | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-OWY | — | — | — | — | — | — | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-PCO | — | 17.68 | 20.17 | — | 209.60 | 0.28 | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-PWC | — | 13.82 | 17.95 | — | 102.55 | 0.04 | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-RBE | — | — | — | — | — | — | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-RSM | — | — | — | — | — | — | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-SPA | — | — | — | — | — | — | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-SKU | — | — | — | — | — | — | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-SLAL | — | — | — | — | — | — | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-TCS | TCS | 20.55 | 28.04 | 3.48 | 286.84 | 0.16 | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-WIPRO | WIPRO | — | — | — | — | — | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-WSP | WSP | — | — | — | — | — | SBTiCDPReport | ||||
| RVBA-WTW | WTW | — | — | — | — | — | SBTiCDPReport |
Reference carbon factors · Consulting
Authoritative benchmark factors curated from published sources. Citation-anchored · pre-pilot vintage · refreshed manually as new releases land.
Below sit every reference factor relevant to a consulting firm. Use these as starting points when you need to estimate emissions for a category the cohort doesn't disclose, or to spot-check disclosed figures against the consensus range. Each value is anchored to the published source — click any source slug to open the citation.
Factors curated
67
Sources
4
Categories
33
Latest vintage
2024
Sources (4) · Geographies: GLOBAL, GB, AE, DE, FR, IN, JP, US, EU, NO, PT, AT, CA, DK, CH, NL, IT
DESNZ Greenhouse gas reporting: conversion factors2024 v1.1 (Oct 2024 reissue)activity based· Open Government Licence v3.0
DEFRA UK consumption-based spend factors by SIC2022 footprint (published April 2025)spend based· Open Government Licence v3.0
USEEIO / EPA Supply Chain GHG Emission Factorsv1.3.0 (USEEIOv2.2.22-GHG, BEA 2017 Detail, 2022 inventory)spend based· Public Domain (US Government work)
EXIOBASE 3.8.2 (MRIO consumption-based)3.8.2 (2021 release, 2019 base year)spend based· CC-BY-SA 4.0
Spend-based (per currency unit) 6 categories · 40 factors
Multiply spend (in the stated currency, in the stated reference year) by the factor to estimate kgCO2e for that category of procurement. Spend-based factors carry material uncertainty but are useful when you have no activity data.
Accounting and tax services
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.0690 | kgCO2e/GBP | GB | 2022 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | defra_sic_2022 purchaser · GBP 2022 | SIC 69.2. DEFRA consumption-based (UK MRIO) — captures imports unlike USEEIO production-based. |
| 0.0873 | kgCO2e/USD | GB | 2022 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | defra_sic_2022 purchaser · USD 2022 | SIC 69.2. Native unit is GBP — converted to USD via static FX 0.79 GBP/USD for cross-source comparison. Recompute with accounting-period FX for production calculations. |
| 0.0540 | kgCO2e/USD | US | 2022 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | useeio_v1_3 purchaser · USD 2022 | USEEIO commodity 541200. NAICS 541211. Purchaser price (with margins). Multiply 2022 USD spend × value to get kgCO2e. |
| 0.0427 | kgCO2e/GBP | US | 2022 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | useeio_v1_3 purchaser · GBP 2022 | USEEIO commodity 541200, converted USD→GBP at static rate (0.79). For production, recompute with the accounting-period FX rate. |
Engineering services
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.2405 | kgCO2e/USD | GB | 2022 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | defra_sic_2022 purchaser · USD 2022 | SIC 71. Native unit is GBP — converted to USD via static FX 0.79 GBP/USD for cross-source comparison. Recompute with accounting-period FX for production calculations. |
| 0.1900 | kgCO2e/GBP | GB | 2022 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | defra_sic_2022 purchaser · GBP 2022 | SIC 71. DEFRA consumption-based (UK MRIO) — captures imports unlike USEEIO production-based. |
| 0.0814 | kgCO2e/GBP | US | 2022 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | useeio_v1_3 purchaser · GBP 2022 | USEEIO commodity 541300, converted USD→GBP at static rate (0.79). For production, recompute with the accounting-period FX rate. |
| 0.1030 | kgCO2e/USD | US | 2022 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | useeio_v1_3 purchaser · USD 2022 | USEEIO commodity 541300. NAICS 541330. Purchaser price (with margins). Multiply 2022 USD spend × value to get kgCO2e. |
Environmental consulting services
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.0900 | kgCO2e/USD | US | 2022 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | useeio_v1_3 purchaser · USD 2022 | USEEIO commodity 5416A0. NAICS 541620. Purchaser price (with margins). Multiply 2022 USD spend × value to get kgCO2e. |
| 0.0711 | kgCO2e/GBP | US | 2022 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | useeio_v1_3 purchaser · GBP 2022 | USEEIO commodity 5416A0, converted USD→GBP at static rate (0.79). For production, recompute with the accounting-period FX rate. |
Legal services
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.0520 | kgCO2e/GBP | GB | 2022 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | defra_sic_2022 purchaser · GBP 2022 | SIC 69.1. DEFRA consumption-based (UK MRIO) — captures imports unlike USEEIO production-based. |
| 0.0658 | kgCO2e/USD | GB | 2022 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | defra_sic_2022 purchaser · USD 2022 | SIC 69.1. Native unit is GBP — converted to USD via static FX 0.79 GBP/USD for cross-source comparison. Recompute with accounting-period FX for production calculations. |
| 0.0324 | kgCO2e/GBP | US | 2022 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | useeio_v1_3 purchaser · GBP 2022 | USEEIO commodity 541100, converted USD→GBP at static rate (0.79). For production, recompute with the accounting-period FX rate. |
| 0.0410 | kgCO2e/USD | US | 2022 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | useeio_v1_3 purchaser · USD 2022 | USEEIO commodity 541100. NAICS 541110. Purchaser price (with margins). Multiply 2022 USD spend × value to get kgCO2e. |
Management consulting services
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.1494 | kgCO2e/USD | GB | 2022 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | defra_sic_2022 purchaser · USD 2022 | SIC 70. Native unit is GBP — converted to USD via static FX 0.79 GBP/USD for cross-source comparison. Recompute with accounting-period FX for production calculations. |
| 0.1180 | kgCO2e/GBP | GB | 2022 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | defra_sic_2022 purchaser · GBP 2022 | SIC 70. DEFRA consumption-based (UK MRIO) — captures imports unlike USEEIO production-based. |
| 0.1554 | kgCO2e/USD | NO | 2019 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | exiobase_3_8_2 basic · USD 2019 | EXIOBASE 3.8.2 "Other business services" (NACE 74 bundle) for NO. Broader than USEEIO NAICS 541610 — includes legal, advertising, R&D alongside management consulting. Converted EUR→USD at 2019 average FX 1.12. |
| 0.1740 | kgCO2e/EUR | NO | 2019 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | exiobase_3_8_2 basic · EUR 2019 | EXIOBASE 3.8.2 "Other business services" (NACE 74 bundle) for NO. Broader than USEEIO NAICS 541610 — includes legal, advertising, R&D alongside management consulting. |
| 0.1406 | kgCO2e/USD | PT | 2019 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | exiobase_3_8_2 basic · USD 2019 | EXIOBASE 3.8.2 "Other business services" (NACE 74 bundle) for PT. Broader than USEEIO NAICS 541610 — includes legal, advertising, R&D alongside management consulting. Converted EUR→USD at 2019 average FX 1.12. |
| 0.1575 | kgCO2e/EUR | PT | 2019 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | exiobase_3_8_2 basic · EUR 2019 | EXIOBASE 3.8.2 "Other business services" (NACE 74 bundle) for PT. Broader than USEEIO NAICS 541610 — includes legal, advertising, R&D alongside management consulting. |
| 0.1390 | kgCO2e/USD | AT | 2019 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | exiobase_3_8_2 basic · USD 2019 | EXIOBASE 3.8.2 "Other business services" (NACE 74 bundle) for AT. Broader than USEEIO NAICS 541610 — includes legal, advertising, R&D alongside management consulting. Converted EUR→USD at 2019 average FX 1.12. |
| 0.1557 | kgCO2e/EUR | AT | 2019 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | exiobase_3_8_2 basic · EUR 2019 | EXIOBASE 3.8.2 "Other business services" (NACE 74 bundle) for AT. Broader than USEEIO NAICS 541610 — includes legal, advertising, R&D alongside management consulting. |
| 0.1184 | kgCO2e/USD | CA | 2019 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | exiobase_3_8_2 basic · USD 2019 | EXIOBASE 3.8.2 "Other business services" (NACE 74 bundle) for CA. Broader than USEEIO NAICS 541610 — includes legal, advertising, R&D alongside management consulting. Converted EUR→USD at 2019 average FX 1.12. |
| 0.1326 | kgCO2e/EUR | CA | 2019 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | exiobase_3_8_2 basic · EUR 2019 | EXIOBASE 3.8.2 "Other business services" (NACE 74 bundle) for CA. Broader than USEEIO NAICS 541610 — includes legal, advertising, R&D alongside management consulting. |
| 0.1136 | kgCO2e/USD | DK | 2019 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | exiobase_3_8_2 basic · USD 2019 | EXIOBASE 3.8.2 "Other business services" (NACE 74 bundle) for DK. Broader than USEEIO NAICS 541610 — includes legal, advertising, R&D alongside management consulting. Converted EUR→USD at 2019 average FX 1.12. |
| 0.1272 | kgCO2e/EUR | DK | 2019 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | exiobase_3_8_2 basic · EUR 2019 | EXIOBASE 3.8.2 "Other business services" (NACE 74 bundle) for DK. Broader than USEEIO NAICS 541610 — includes legal, advertising, R&D alongside management consulting. |
| 0.0684 | kgCO2e/USD | CH | 2019 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | exiobase_3_8_2 basic · USD 2019 | EXIOBASE 3.8.2 "Other business services" (NACE 74 bundle) for CH. Broader than USEEIO NAICS 541610 — includes legal, advertising, R&D alongside management consulting. Converted EUR→USD at 2019 average FX 1.12. |
| 0.0766 | kgCO2e/EUR | CH | 2019 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | exiobase_3_8_2 basic · EUR 2019 | EXIOBASE 3.8.2 "Other business services" (NACE 74 bundle) for CH. Broader than USEEIO NAICS 541610 — includes legal, advertising, R&D alongside management consulting. |
| 0.0917 | kgCO2e/USD | JP | 2019 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | exiobase_3_8_2 basic · USD 2019 | EXIOBASE 3.8.2 "Other business services" (NACE 74 bundle) for JP. Broader than USEEIO NAICS 541610 — includes legal, advertising, R&D alongside management consulting. Converted EUR→USD at 2019 average FX 1.12. |
| 0.1027 | kgCO2e/EUR | JP | 2019 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | exiobase_3_8_2 basic · EUR 2019 | EXIOBASE 3.8.2 "Other business services" (NACE 74 bundle) for JP. Broader than USEEIO NAICS 541610 — includes legal, advertising, R&D alongside management consulting. |
| 0.1091 | kgCO2e/USD | NL | 2019 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | exiobase_3_8_2 basic · USD 2019 | EXIOBASE 3.8.2 "Other business services" (NACE 74 bundle) for NL. Broader than USEEIO NAICS 541610 — includes legal, advertising, R&D alongside management consulting. Converted EUR→USD at 2019 average FX 1.12. |
| 0.1222 | kgCO2e/EUR | NL | 2019 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | exiobase_3_8_2 basic · EUR 2019 | EXIOBASE 3.8.2 "Other business services" (NACE 74 bundle) for NL. Broader than USEEIO NAICS 541610 — includes legal, advertising, R&D alongside management consulting. |
| 0.1646 | kgCO2e/USD | IT | 2019 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | exiobase_3_8_2 basic · USD 2019 | EXIOBASE 3.8.2 "Other business services" (NACE 74 bundle) for IT. Broader than USEEIO NAICS 541610 — includes legal, advertising, R&D alongside management consulting. Converted EUR→USD at 2019 average FX 1.12. |
| 0.1843 | kgCO2e/EUR | IT | 2019 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | exiobase_3_8_2 basic · EUR 2019 | EXIOBASE 3.8.2 "Other business services" (NACE 74 bundle) for IT. Broader than USEEIO NAICS 541610 — includes legal, advertising, R&D alongside management consulting. |
| 0.0616 | kgCO2e/GBP | US | 2022 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | useeio_v1_3 purchaser · GBP 2022 | USEEIO commodity 541610, converted USD→GBP at static rate (0.79). For production, recompute with the accounting-period FX rate. |
| 0.0780 | kgCO2e/USD | US | 2022 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | useeio_v1_3 purchaser · USD 2022 | USEEIO commodity 541610. NAICS 541610. Purchaser price (with margins). Multiply 2022 USD spend × value to get kgCO2e. |
Other professional / scientific / technical services
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.1911 | kgCO2e/USD | GB | 2022 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | defra_sic_2022 purchaser · USD 2022 | SIC 74. Native unit is GBP — converted to USD via static FX 0.79 GBP/USD for cross-source comparison. Recompute with accounting-period FX for production calculations. |
| 0.1510 | kgCO2e/GBP | GB | 2022 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | defra_sic_2022 purchaser · GBP 2022 | SIC 74. DEFRA consumption-based (UK MRIO) — captures imports unlike USEEIO production-based. |
| 0.0632 | kgCO2e/GBP | US | 2022 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | useeio_v1_3 purchaser · GBP 2022 | USEEIO commodity 5419A0, converted USD→GBP at static rate (0.79). For production, recompute with the accounting-period FX rate. |
| 0.0800 | kgCO2e/USD | US | 2022 | Cradle → gate S1 · S2 loc · S3↑ | useeio_v1_3 purchaser · USD 2022 | USEEIO commodity 5419A0. NAICS 541990. Purchaser price (with margins). Multiply 2022 USD spend × value to get kgCO2e. |
Activity-based (per physical unit) 27 categories · 27 factors
Multiply physical activity (passenger-km, kWh, room-night) by the factor to estimate kgCO2e. Gold standard — most accurate when you can collect the underlying activity data from invoices, expense reports, or operational systems.
Air travel — international (non-UK), economy
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.1346 | kgCO2e/passenger.km | GLOBAL | 2024 | Well → wheel S3↑ | desnz_2024 | For flights that do not touch the UK. Used for non-UK-headquartered cohort firms reporting against the same DESNZ basis. |
Air travel — long-haul, business class
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.5803 | kgCO2e/passenger.km | GB | 2024 | Well → wheel S3↑ | desnz_2024 | Business class assumed to consume ~3× the seat-area of economy. Use this for senior-staff long-haul. |
Air travel — long-haul, economy
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.2001 | kgCO2e/passenger.km | GB | 2024 | Well → wheel S3↑ | desnz_2024 |
Air travel — long-haul, first class
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.8004 | kgCO2e/passenger.km | GB | 2024 | Well → wheel S3↑ | desnz_2024 |
Air travel — long-haul, premium economy
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.3201 | kgCO2e/passenger.km | GB | 2024 | Well → wheel S3↑ | desnz_2024 |
Air travel — short-haul, business class
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.2743 | kgCO2e/passenger.km | GB | 2024 | Well → wheel S3↑ | desnz_2024 |
Air travel — short-haul, economy
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.1829 | kgCO2e/passenger.km | GB | 2024 | Well → wheel S3↑ | desnz_2024 |
Air travel — UK domestic, average passenger
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.2726 | kgCO2e/passenger.km | GB | 2024 | Well → wheel S3↑ | desnz_2024 | Includes 9% distance uplift + radiative forcing multiplier (~1.7×). |
Coach
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.0272 | kgCO2e/passenger.km | GB | 2024 | Well → wheel S3↑ | desnz_2024 |
Hotel stay, France
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6.700 | kgCO2e/room-night | FR | 2024 | Use phase S3↑ | desnz_2024 | Low because FR grid is ~70% nuclear + ~25% renewable — among the lowest-carbon in Europe. |
Hotel stay, Germany
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 13.20 | kgCO2e/room-night | DE | 2024 | Use phase S3↑ | desnz_2024 |
Hotel stay, India
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 58.90 | kgCO2e/room-night | IN | 2024 | Use phase S3↑ | desnz_2024 | High because India grid is ~70% coal — air-conditioning load + grid mix push factor 5× FR. |
Hotel stay, Japan
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 39.00 | kgCO2e/room-night | JP | 2024 | Use phase S3↑ | desnz_2024 |
Hotel stay, UAE
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 63.80 | kgCO2e/room-night | AE | 2024 | Use phase S3↑ | desnz_2024 |
Hotel stay, UK
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10.40 | kgCO2e/room-night | GB | 2024 | Use phase S3↑ | desnz_2024 |
Hotel stay, UK (London)
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11.50 | kgCO2e/room-night | GB | 2024 | Use phase S3↑ | desnz_2024 |
Hotel stay, USA
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16.10 | kgCO2e/room-night | US | 2024 | Use phase S3↑ | desnz_2024 |
Natural gas — Scope 1 combustion (gross CV)
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.1829 | kgCO2e/kWh | GB | 2024 | Use phase S1 | desnz_2024 | UK gas suppliers bill in kWh on a Gross CV basis by default — use this unless your invoice explicitly states Net CV. |
Natural gas — Scope 3 WTT (gross CV)
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.0302 | kgCO2e/kWh | GB | 2024 | Well → tank S3↑ | desnz_2024 |
Rail — international (Eurostar)
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.004460 | kgCO2e/passenger.km | EU | 2024 | Well → wheel S3↑ | desnz_2024 | Very low because Eurostar runs on French/UK grid mix dominated by nuclear + renewables. |
Rail — London Underground
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.0278 | kgCO2e/passenger.km | GB | 2024 | Well → wheel S3↑ | desnz_2024 |
Rail — UK national
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.0355 | kgCO2e/passenger.km | GB | 2024 | Well → wheel S3↑ | desnz_2024 |
Taxi — black cab
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.2040 | kgCO2e/passenger.km | GB | 2024 | Well → wheel S3↑ | desnz_2024 |
Taxi — regular
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.1486 | kgCO2e/passenger.km | GB | 2024 | Well → wheel S3↑ | desnz_2024 |
UK grid electricity — Scope 2 (location)
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.2071 | kgCO2e/kWh | GB | 2024 | Use phase S2 loc | desnz_2024 | Use this for Scope 2 location-based reporting. For market-based, use supplier-specific or residual-mix factors instead. |
UK grid electricity — Scope 3 T&D losses
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.0183 | kgCO2e/kWh | GB | 2024 | Use phase S3↑ | desnz_2024 |
UK grid electricity — Scope 3 well-to-tank
| Value | Unit | Geo | Year | Scope | Source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.0459 | kgCO2e/kWh | GB | 2024 | Well → tank S3↑ | desnz_2024 |
Reference factors are curated from the published sources at the indicated vintage and refreshed manually as new releases land. Apply with care: spend-based factors carry material uncertainty (often ±50%); activity-based factors require the right unit basis (e.g. gross vs net CV for natural gas, with-RF vs without-RF for air); product PCFs differ in lifecycle scope between vendors (Apple uses post-mitigation, others use pre-mitigation — we have aligned to pre-mitigation baselines for laptops). Re-check against the citation before any external-facing calculation.